Finding Yourself as a Scientist

Kamal Rudra is a scientist, an engineer, and an inventor. After graduating from the University of Michigan, he joined IBM Research, where he works on scaling interconnects for next-generation transistor technologies. His general scientific interests crystallized into a concrete field, inspired by an internship during his undergraduate years. Throughout his scientific journey, he has continuously pursued what captivates him the most, often drawing motivation from role models. Now, he aims to pass on the motivation to take agency over one’s own career path and self-conception as a scientist.

Nurturing the Scientific Seed

It’s hard to pinpoint the exact moment, but I believe my journey toward becoming a scientist began around third grade when I first became fascinated by the solar system. I vividly recall printing out colored posters of planets and proudly displaying them on my walls. From those early days, whenever someone asked what I wanted to be when I grew up, my answer was always “a scientist.”

As I grew older, my curiosity deepened. I was the kind of kid who enjoyed tinkering with electronics, from remote-controlled cars to computers. My interest in science expanded naturally as I progressed through school, building science models, participating in science exhibitions, and diving into competitions that connected me with like-minded peers. I also had the privilege of learning from a few exceptional teachers who encouraged my questions, often taking discussions beyond the syllabus and motivating me to explore uncharted territory. Driven by these discussions, I would explore topics beyond the classroom teaching.

If I hadn’t pursued a career in science, teaching would have been my alternate path, particularly at the high school level. I often find myself reminiscing about the days when I would solve countless math problems or dive deep into the intricacies of organic reaction mechanisms. There’s something profoundly rewarding about breaking down complex concepts and sharing that infectious enthusiasm for science. I would love the opportunity to inspire and guide young minds in the same way some of my teachers did for me.

An Inspiring Internship

During my undergraduate years, I explored a variety of fields—robotics, embedded systems, FPGA programming—but it wasn’t until my research internship that I found my true passion.

I pursued a Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering at NIT Allahabad. As a first-generation engineer, I initially had limited exposure to areas like Materials Science and Photonics. However, during my journey of exploration, I discovered a strong interest in the interdisciplinary realm of Semiconductors and Optoelectronics. Since my undergraduate curriculum didn’t fully align with my growing passion, I sought out online certification courses to deepen my knowledge in semiconductors, nanofabrication, and optoelectronics. After my first research internship at IIT (BHU) Varanasi in my junior year (2017), I became certain about pursuing an advanced degree and dedicating myself to research in this field.

The experience I gained while interning under Prof. Chakrabarti at IIT BHU Varanasi played a pivotal role in this. The PhD students in the lab were incredibly supportive, helping me build my own foundation in semiconductor research. That short winter internship ignited my enthusiasm, and I was eager to continue working on the project. The thrill of probing the “invisible world” with advanced characterization techniques captivated me. My fascination with light and color naturally drew me toward Optoelectronics, where I learned to analyze the optical, electrical, and structural properties of materials.

Initially, I was “laser-focused” solely on optoelectronic devices like LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors. However, over time, I discovered that the true joy lies in understanding materials and nanostructures, regardless of the specific application. It’s the meticulous process of characterizing these materials and devices, coupled with the ability to manipulate and study properties at such a minute scale, that keeps me driven and constantly learning.

Front-Row Seat to the Future of Technology

After various internships and gaining practical experience in India, I moved to the U.S. to pursue graduate studies at the University of Michigan.

Currently, I am part of IBM Research, where I work on scaling interconnects for next-generation transistor technologies. Specifically, I focus on 2nm nanosheet transistors, a groundbreaking advancement in semiconductor technology. Interconnects, also known as the back-end-of-line (BEOL), are like an intricate web of connections, more than 100,000 times thinner than a typical copper wire, that enable the transmission of signals in logic and memory devices.

My role involves optimizing the performance and reliability of these interconnects, which are critical to the functionality of advanced devices. Additionally, I collaborate with other experts to develop intellectual property, primarily in interconnects and devices for BEOL technologies.

The work is thrilling because it gives me a front-row seat to the future of technology and innovation. Just as the shift from planar devices to FinFETs marked a revolution, I believe moving from FinFETs to nanosheet transistors will have a similarly transformative impact. These advancements have the potential to drive significant societal benefits, from faster data processing and enhanced connectivity to more sustainable and energy-efficient solutions.

Nobel Recognition

I first heard about the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings in 2019, shortly after completing my undergraduate degree, and set my sights on attending the next Physics Meeting. After a long time of anticipation for the Physics themed meeting and multiple rounds of screening, I was invited to LINO24.

My experience at Lindau was truly magnificent. It was a unique blend of engaging discussions with Nobel Laureates, forming meaningful bonds with other Young Scientists, and even dancing with Laureates on the boat tour back from Mainau Island, where we had just witnessed the signing of the historic Mainau Declaration by several Nobel Laureates.

The beautiful setting of Lindau added to the charm of the experience. I had the chance to take a stroll around the island with Donna Strickland – our second meeting after first crossing paths in 2023 – during which we discussed our fields, and she shared a few light-hearted stories. Having attended the University of Michigan for my graduate studies, it was particularly exciting to meet Gérard Mourou, as we share a Michigan connection. Completing the trio of optics/photonics domain Laureates, I had dinner with Anne L’Huillier, where we bonded over our first-time experiences at the 73^rd Lindau Meeting.

Some of us Young Scientists even created our own ritual: gathering for hot chocolate each night after Sessions and dinners – a tradition we upheld until the very last evening. If I had to sum up my experience in one word, it would be “spectacular.”

Traveling to Lindau was both exhilarating and humbling, knowing I would be in the presence of over 30 Nobel Laureates. What struck me most, however, was the emphasis on the event being more about the Young Scientists than the Laureates themselves. This recognition deeply motivated me to continue pushing the boundaries in my own work and inspired me to keep mentoring those who aspire to follow similar paths.

Beyond the Current System of Early-Stage Research Education

Since my undergraduate days, I have been a strong advocate for early-stage research opportunities, whether at the Bachelor’s or Master’s level. Too often, students at these stages are confined to tasks like data collection or supporting other researchers without being truly empowered to contribute creatively.

Personally, I have always been deeply involved in my research projects, from decision-making to defending the direction of the work. Receiving recognition for these efforts through awards from prominent organizations such as IEEE and SPIE provides an additional source of motivation. I believe students should be given more freedom and resources to make meaningful contributions early on.

While the initial training and learning curve are crucial, students should also be encouraged to engage in the decision-making process and take ownership of their work. Developing the ability to think critically and act on one’s ideas can be nurtured even without a PhD.

The current system would benefit from a shift in mindset— especially on how we view and envision a scientist.

Keeping up the Joy of Discovery

Beyond technical skills, a good scientist needs the ability to think critically, maintain an open mindset, and adapt to new information. Integrity, a collaborative spirit, and a willingness to learn continuously are also essential. In science we must combine curiosity with resilience, embracing the unknown and persisting through challenges.

In my own field the biggest challenge is navigating the intricate and rapidly evolving landscape of semiconductor technology, where advancements rely on a seamless combination of deep theoretical knowledge, precise experimental execution, and innovative problem-solving. Staying ahead in a field that moves at breakneck speed demands continuous learning, adaptability, and a relentless drive to solve problems that may not have clear solutions.

Ultimately, a scientist should find joy not just in answers, but in the process of discovery and the pursuit of knowledge.